REFERENCES
Ackah AN, Coulibaly D, Digbeu H, Diallo K, et al. Response to treatment,
mortality, and CD4 lymphocyote counts in HIV-infected persons with
tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Lancet 1995;345(8950):607-10.
Alcabes P, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Friedland GH. Incubation period of
human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemiol Rev 1993a;15(2):303-18.
Alcabes P, Schoenbaum EE, Klein RS. Correlates of the rate of decline
of CD4+ lymphocytes among injection drug users infected with the
human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Epidemiol 1993b;137(9):989-1000.
Alcabes P, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Friedland G. Maturity of human immunodeficiency
virus infection and incubation period of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome in injecting drug users. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4(1):17-26.
Aldrovandi GM, Feuer G, Gao L, Jamieson B, et al. The SCID-hu mouse
as a model for HIV-1 infection. Nature 1993;363(6431):732-6.
Aledort LM, Operskalski EA, Dietrich SL, Koerper MA, et al. Low
CD4+ counts in a study of transfusion safety. N Engl J Med 1993;328(6):441-2.
Allain JP, Laurian Y, Paul DA, Verroust F, et al. Long-term evaluation
of HIV antigen and antibodies to p24 and gp41 in patients with hemophilia.
Potential clinical importance. N Engl J Med 1987;317(18):1114-21.
AMA (American Medical Association), Council on Scientific Affairs.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (commentary). JAMA 1984;252(15):2037-43.
Ameisen JC, Capron A. Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the
programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol Today 1991;12(4):102-5.
Ammann AJ, Abrams D, Conant M, Chudwin D, et al. Acquired immune
dysfunction in homosexual men: immunologic profiles. Clin Immunol
Immunopathol 1983a;27(3):315-25.
Ammann AJ, Cowan MJ, Wara DW, Weintrub P, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency
in an infant: possible transmission by means of blood products.
Lancet 1983b;1(8331):956-8.
Ammann A. T-cell immunodeficiency disorders. In: Stites D, Terr
A, eds. Basic and Clinical Immunology; 7th ed. Norwalk: Appleton
and Lange, 1991, pp. 335-40.
Andes WA, Rangan SR, Wulff KM. Exposure of heterosexuals to human
immunodeficiency virus and viremia: evidence for continuing risks
in spouses of hemophiliacs. Sex Transm Dis 1989;16(2):68-73.
Andiman WA, Simpson BJ, Olson B, Dember L, et al. Rate of transmission
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection from mother to
child and short-term outcome of neonatal infection. Am J Dis Child
1990;144:758-66.
Aoki-Sei S, Yarchoan R, Kageyama S, Hoekzema DT, et al. Plasma
HIV-1 viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals assessed by polymerase
chain reaction. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(7):1263-70.
Aronson DL. Infection of hemophiliacs with HIV. J Clin Apheresis
1993;8(2):117-9.
Ascher MS, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W Jr, Vittinghoff E, et al.
Does drug use cause AIDS? Nature 1993a;362(6416):103-4.
Ascher MS, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W Jr, Vittinghoff E. Aetiology
of AIDS. Lancet 1993b;341(8854):1223.
Ascher MS, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W Jr. AIDS-associated Kaposi's
sarcoma (letter). Science 1995;267:1080.
Ashley R. Cocaine: Its History, Uses and Effects. New York: St.
Martins Press, 1975.
Ashton LJ, Learmont J, Luo K, Wylie B, et al. HIV infection in
recipients of blood products from donors with known duration of
infection. Lancet 1994;344(8924):718-20.
Auerbach DM, Darrow WW, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Cluster of cases of
the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: patients linked by sexual
contact. Am J Med 1984;76(3):487-92.
Bacellar H, Munoz A, Hoover DR, Phair JP, et al. Incidence of clinical
AIDS conditions in a cohort of homosexual men with CD4+ cell counts
< 100/MM3. J INFECT DIS 1994;170(5):1284-7.
Bachmeyer C, Boufassa F, Sereni D, Deveau C, Buquet D. Prognostic
value of acute symptomatic HIV-infection. IXth Int Conf on AIDS,
(abstract no. PO-B01-0870), June 6-11, 1993.
Bagasra O, Hauptman SP, Lischner HW, Sachs M, Pomerantz RJ. Detection
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus in mononuclear cells
by in situ polymerase chain reaction. N Engl J Med 1992;326(21):1385-91.
Bagnarelli P, Menzo S, Valenza A, Manzin A, et al. Molecular profile
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in symptomless
patients and in patients with AIDS. J Virol 1992;66(12):7328-35.
Barlow KM, Mok JY. Dizygotic twins discordant for HIV and hepatitis
C virus. Arch Dis Child 1993;68(4):507.
Barnett SW, Murthy KK, Herndier BG, Levy JA. An AIDS-like condition
induced in baboons by HIV-2. Science 1994;266:642-6.
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, et al. Isolation
of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220(4599):868-71.
Becherer PR, Smiley ML, Matthews TJ, Weinhold KJ, et al. Human
immunodeficiency virus-1 disease progression in hemophiliacs. Am
J Hematol 1990;34(3):204-9.
Bell AP, Weinberg MS. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among
Men and Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
Biggar RJ. AIDS incubation in 1,891 HIV seroconverters from different
exposure groups. International Registry of Seroconverters. AIDS
1990;4(11):1059-66.
Bindels PJ, Krol A, Mulder-Folkerts DK, van den Hoek JA, Coutinho
RA. Survival of patients following the diagnosis of AIDS in the
Amsterdam region, 1982-1991. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994;138(10):513-8.
Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Rouzioux C, Teglas JP, et al. Relation of
the course of HIV infection in children to the severity of the disease
in their mothers at delivery. N Engl J Med 1994;330(5):308-12.
Blattner W, Gallo RC, Temin HM. HIV causes AIDS. Science 1988a;241(4865):515-6.
Blattner W, et al. Blattner and colleagues respond to Duesberg.
Science 1988b;241:514, 517.
Blattner W, Reitz M, Colclough G, Weiss S. HIV/AIDS in laboratory
workers infected with HTLV-IIIB. IXth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract
no. PO-B01-0876), June 6-11, 1993.
Bobkov A, Garaev MM, Rzhaninova A, Kaleebu P, et al. Molecular
epidemiology of HIV-1 in the former Soviet Union: analysis of env
V3 sequences and their correlation with epidemiologic data. AIDS
1994;8(5):619-24.
Bonyhadi ML, Rabin L, Salimi S, Brown DA, et al. HIV induces thymus
depletion in vivo. Nature 1993;363(6431):728-32.
Boulos R, Ruff A, Coberly J, McBrien M, Halsey JD. Effect of maternal
HIV status on infant growth and survival. Xth Int Conf on AIDS,
(abstract no. 054B), Aug 7-12, 1994.
Boyer PJ, Dillon M, Navaie M, Deveikis A, et al. Factors predictive
of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1. Preliminary analysis of
zidovudine given during pregnancy and/or delivery. JAMA 1994;271(24):1925-30.
British Cooperative Clinical Group. Homosexuality and venereal
disease in the United Kingdom. Br J Vener Dis 1973;49:329-34.
Brookmeyer R, Gail HM. Screening and accuracy of tests for HIV.
In: AIDS Epidemiology: A Quantitative Approach. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1994.
Brown T, Sittitrai W. Estimates of HIV infection levels in the
Thai population. Xth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. 182C), Aug
7-12, 1994.
Bruisten SM, Koppelman MH, Dekker JT, Bakker M, et al. Concordance
of human immunodeficiency virus detection by polymerase chain reaction
and by serologic assays in a Dutch cohort of seronegative homosexual
men. J Infect Dis 1992;166(3):620-2.
Buchbinder SP, Katz MH, Hessol NA, O'Malley PM, Holmberg SD. Long-term
HIV-1 infection without immunologic progression. AIDS 1994;8(8):1123-8.
Busch MP, Valinsky JE, Paglieroni T, Prince HE, et al. Screening
of blood donors for idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. Transfusion
1994;34(3):192-7.
Cao Y, Qin L, Zhang L, Safrit J, Ho DD. Virologic and immunologic
characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332(4):201-8.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control). Pneumocystis pneumonia - Los
Angeles. MMWR 1981a;30:250-2.
CDC. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual
men - New York City and California. MMWR 1981b;30:305-8.
CDC. Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males.
MMWR 1982a;31:249-52.
CDC. Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - United
States. MMWR 1982b;31:507-14.
CDC. Pneumocytsis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia
A. MMWR 1982c;31:365-7.
CDC. Possible transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) - California. MMWR 1982d;31:652-4.
CDC. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians
in the United States. MMWR 1982e;31:353-61.
CDC. CDC task force on Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections.
N Engl J Med 1982f;306:248-52.
CDC. Immunodeficiency among female sex partners of males with acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - New York. MMWR 1983a;31:697-8.
CDC. Prevention of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):
report of inter-agency recommendations. MMWR 1983b;32:101-4.
CDC. Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome for national reporting - United States. MMWR 1985a;34:373-5.
CDC. Revision of the surveillance case definition of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. MMWR 1987a;36:3S-15S.
CDC. Classification for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
in children under 13 years of age. MMWR 1987b;35:224-35.
CDC. Summary of notifiable diseases - United States. MMWR 1987c;36:1-59.
CDC. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded
surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults.
MMWR 1992a;41:1-19.
CDC. Guideline for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1992b;41:1-11.
CDC. Summary of notifiable disease - United States, 1992. MMWR
1993b;41:1-73.
CDC. Update: AIDS among women - United States, 1994. MMWR 1994;44:81-4.
CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 1994 year-end edition. 1995a;6(no.2).
CDC. Division of HIV/AIDS, Reporting and Analysis Section. Personal
communication, April 12, 1995b.
Chambers CD, Taylor WJ, Moffett AD. The incidence of cocaine use
among methadone maintenance patients. Int J Addict 1974;7(3):427-41.
Chandra RK, ed. Primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1983.
Chearskul S, Chotpitayasunondh T, Wanprapa N, Sangtaweesin V, et
al. Survival among HIV-1 perinatally-infected infants, Bangkok,
Thailand. Xth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. 222C), Aug 7-12, 1994.
Cheingsong-Popov R, Weiss RA, Dalgleish A, Tedder RS, et al. Prevalence
of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in AIDS and AIDS-risk
patients in Britain. Lancet 1984;2(8401):477-80.
Chin J, Mann JM. The global patterns and prevalence of AIDS and
HIV infection. AIDS 1988;2(suppl 1):S247-52.
Chorba TL, Holman RC, Strine TW, Clarke MJ, Evatt BL. Changes in
longevity and causes of death among persons with hemophilia A. Am
J Hematol 1994;45(2):112-21.
Clark SJ, Saag MS, Decker WD, Campbell-Hill S, et al. High titers
of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary
HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324(14):954-60.
Coates RA, Farewell VT, Raboud J, Read SE, et al. Cofactors of
progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of
male sexual contacts of men with human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Am J Epidemiol 1990;132(4):717-22.
Coffin J, Haase A, Levy JA, Montagnier L, et al. Human immunodeficiency
viruses (letter). Science 1986;232(4751):697.
Cohen J. Could drugs, rather than a virus, be the cause of AIDS?
Science 1994a;266(5191):1648-9.
Cohen J. The epidemic in Thailand. Science 1994b;266(5191):1647.
Cohen J. Fulfilling Koch's postulates. Science 1994c;266(5191):1647.
Cohen J. Duesberg and critics agree: hemophilia is the best test.
Science 1994d;266(5191):1645-6.
Cohen J. The Duesberg phenomenon. Science 1994e;266(5191):1642-4.
Concorde Coordinating Commitee. MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind
controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free
HIV infection. Lancet 1994;343(8902):871-81.
Connor RJ, Mohri H, Cao Y, Ho DD. Increased viral burden and cytopathicity
correlate temporally with CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline and clinical
progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.
J Virol 1993;67(4):1772-7.
Connor RI, Ho DD. Transmission and pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994a;10(4):321-3.
Connor RI, Ho DD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants
with increased replicative capacity develop during the asymptomatic
stage before disease progression. J Virol 1994b;68(7):4400-8.
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, et al. Reduction of
maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type
1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994;331(18):1173-80.
Coombs RW, Collier AC, Allain JP, Nikora B, et al. Plasma viremia
in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989;321(24):1626-31.
Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, Donovan B, et al. Acute AIDS retrovirus
infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion.
Lancet 1985;1(8428):537-40.
Cooper DA, Gatell JM, Kroon S, Clumeck N, et al. Zidovudine in
persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4+ cell counts greater
than 400 per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1993;329(5):297-303.
Corbitt G, Bailey AS, Williams G. HIV infection in Manchester,
1959. Lancet 1990;336(8706):51.
Courtwright DT. Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before
1940. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Creagh-Kirk T, Doi P, Andrews E, Nusinoff-Lehrman S, et al. Survival
experience among patients with AIDS receiving zidovudine. Follow-up
of patients in a compassionate plea program. JAMA 1988;260(20):3009-15.
Curran JW, Lawrence DN, Jaffe H, Kaplan JE, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N Engl J Med 1984;310(2):69-75.
Curran JW, Jaffe HW, Hardy AM, Morgan WM, et al. Epidemiology of
HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. Science 1988;239(4840):610-6.
d'Arminio Monforte A, Novati R, Galli M, Marchisio P, et al. T-cell
subsets and serum immunoglobulin levels in infants born to HIV-seropositive
mothers: a longitudinal evaluation. AIDS 1990;4(11):1141-4.
Daar ES, Moudgil T, Meyer RD, Ho DD. Transient high levels of viremia
in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
N Engl J Med 1991;324(14):961-4.
Daar ES, Chernyavskiy T, Zhao JQ, Krogstad P, et al. Sequential
determination of viral load and phenotype in human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11(1):3-9.
Dale GM. Morphine and cocaine intoxication. JAMA 1903;1:12, 15-6.
Dalgleish AG, Beverley PC, Clapham PR, Crawford DH, et al. The
CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the
AIDS retrovirus. Nature 1984;312(5996):763-7.
Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD, Saah AJ, et al. High socioeconomic
status is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1
(HIV-1) infection but not for sexually transmitted diseases in women
in Malawi: implications for HIV-1 control. J Infect Dis 1993;167(1):36-42.
Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PLF, et al. Mortality before and
after HIV infection in the UK population of haemophiliacs. Nature
1995;377:79-82.
Davachi F. Pediatric HIV infection in Africa. In: Essex M, et al.,
eds. AIDS in Africa. New York: Raven Press, 1994, pp. 439-62.
Davis KC, Horsburgh CR Jr, Hasiba U, Schocket AL, Kirkpatrick CH.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia.
Ann Intern Med 1983;98(3):284-6.
de Biasi R, Rocino A, Miraglia E, Mastrullo L, Quirino AA. The
impact of a very high purity factor VIII concentrate on the immune
system of human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs: a
randomized, prospective, two-year comparison with an intermediate
purity concentrate. Blood 1991;78(8):1919-22.
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Marmor M, Mildvan D, et al. CD4 lymphocytopenia
among injecting drug users in New York City. J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr 1993;6:(7)820-2.
deShazo RD, Andes WA, Nordberg J, Newton J, et al. An immunologic
evaluation of hemophiliac patients and their wives. Relationships
to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1983;99(2):159-64.
Desrosiers RC. The simian immunodeficiency viruses. Annu Rev Immunol
1990;8:557-78.
Dewhurst S, Embretson JE, Anderson DC, Mullins JI, Fultz PN. Sequence
analysis and acute pathogenicity of molecularly cloned SIVSMM-PBj14.
Nature 1990;345(6276):636-40.
Dickover RE, Dillon M, Gillette SG, Deveikis A, et al. Rapid increases
in load of human immunodeficiency virus correlate with early disease
progression and loss of CD4 cells in vertically infected infants.
J Infect Dis 1994;170(5):1279-84.
Dietrich SL, Boone DC. The epidemiology of HIV infection in hemophiliacs.
In: Nilsson, Berntrop, eds. Recent Advances in Hemophilia Care.
New York: Alan R. Liss, 1990, pp. 79-86.
Doll LS, Judson FN, Ostrow DG, O'Malley PM, et al. Sexual behavior
before AIDS: the hepatitis B studies of homosexual and bisexual
men. AIDS 1990;4(11):1067-73.
Dondero TJ, Curran JW. Excess deaths in Africa from HIV: confirmed
and quantified (commentary). Lancet 1994;343(8904):989-90.
Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, Sacks HS, et al. Infection with
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of
antibody-positive blood donations. Ann Intern Med 1990;113(10):733-9.
Douard D, Perel Y, Micheau M, Contraires B, et al. Perinatal HIV
infection: longitudinal study of 22 children (clinical and biological
follow-up) (letter). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2(2):212-3.
Duesberg PH. Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations
and reality. Cancer Res 1987;47(5):1199-220.
Duesberg P. HIV is not the cause of AIDS. Science 1988;241(4865):514,
517.
Duesberg PH. Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome: correlation but not causation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1989;86(3):755-64.
Duesberg PH. AIDS: non-infectious deficiencies acquired by drug
consumption and other risk factors. Res Immunol 1990;141(1):5-11.
Duesberg PH. AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency
virus and with infectious disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88(4):1575-9.
Duesberg PH. The role of drugs in the origin of AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother
1992;46(1):3-15.
Duesberg PH. AIDS acquired by drug consumption and other noncontagious
risk factors. Pharmacol Ther 1992;55(3):201-77.
Duesberg P. Infectious AIDS-stretching the germ theory beyond its
limits. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1994;103(2):118-27.
Durack DT. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual
men. N Engl J Med 1981;305(24):1465-7.
Edelman K, Horning P, Catalan J, Gazzard B. HIV does not cause
AIDS--impact of T.V. programme on attitudes to zidovudine in HIV
patients. VIIth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. W.B.2097), June
16-21, 1991.
Elliott JL, Hoppes WL, Platt MS, Thomas JG, et al. The acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
bacteremia in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med 1983;98(3):290-3.
Embretson J, Zapancic M, Ribas JL, Burke A, et al. Massive covert
infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during
the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 1993;362(6418):359-62.
Essex M, Hardy WJ Jr, Cotter SM, Jakowski RM, Sliski A. Naturally
occurring persistent feline oncornavirus infections in the absence
of disease. Infect Immun 1975;11(3):470-5.
Essex M. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: role of a human retrovirus.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69:981.
Essex M. The etiology of AIDS. In: Essex M, et al., eds. AIDS in
Africa. New York: Raven Press, 1994, pp. 1-20.
European Collaborative Study. Children born to women with HIV-1
infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet 1991;337:253-60.
European Collaborative Study. Risk factors for mother-to-child
transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1992;339:1007-12.
Evans AS. Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited.
Yale J Biol Med 1976;49(2):175-95.
Evans AS. The clinical illness promotion factor: a third ingredient.
Yale J Biol Med 1982;55(3-4):193-9.
Evans AS. Does HIV cause AIDS? An historical perspective. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr 1989a;2(2):107-13.
Evans AS. Does HIV cause AIDS: author's reply (letter). J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr 1989b;2(9):514-7.
Evans AS. AIDS: the alternative view. Lancet 1992;339(8808):1547.
Evatt BL, Gomperts ED, McDougal JS, Ramsey RB. Coincidental appearance
of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the
AIDS epidemic. N Engl J Med 1985;312(8):483-6. Fauci AS. The human
immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Science 1988;239(4840):617-22.
Fauci AS. Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus
disease: implications for therapy. Science 1993a;262(3136):1011-8.
Fauci AS. CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection-o lights,
no camera, just facts. N Engl J Med 1993b;328(6):429-31.
Fenyo EM, Morfeldt-Manson L, Chiodi F, Lind B, et al. Distinct
replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency
virus isolates. J Virol 1988;62(11):4414-9.
Feorino PM, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Cabradilla CD, et al.
Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient
pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Science 1984;225(4657):69-72.
Ferre F, Marchese A, Duffy PC, Lewis DE, et al. Quantitation of
HIV viral burden by PCR in HIV seropositive Navy personnel representing
Walter Reed stages 1 to 6. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(2):269-75.
Finkel TH, Tudor-Williams G, Banda NK, et al. Apoptosis occurs
predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected
cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nature Medicine 1995;1(2):129-34.
Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, et al. The efficacy
of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and
AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
N Engl J Med 1987;317(4):185-91.
Fischl MA, Richman DD, Causey DM, Grieco MH, et al. Prolonged zidovudine
therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex.
AZT Collaborative Working Group. JAMA 1989;262(17):2405-10.
Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen N, Collier AC, et al. The safety
and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with
mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112(10):727-37.
Fox CH, Kotler D, Tierney A, Wilson CS, Fauci AS. Detection of
HIV-1 RNA in the lamina propria of patients with AIDS and gastrointestinal
disease. J Infect Dis 1989;159(3):467-71.
Franchini G, Gurgo C, Guo HG, Gallo RC, et al. Sequence of simian
immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency
viruses. Nature 1987;328(6130):539-43.
Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M. Epidemic acquired immune deficiency
syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. J Natl
Cancer Inst 1983;71(1):1-4.
Fricke W, Augustyniak L, Lawrence D, Brownstein A, et al. Human
immunodeficiency virus infection due to clotting factor concentrates:
results of the Seroconversion Surveillance Project. Transfusion
1992;32(8):707-9.
Friedland G. Parenteral drug users. In: Kaslow RA, Francis DP,
eds. The Epidemiology of AIDS. New York: Oxford University Press,
1989, pp. 153-78.
Friedman RC, Downey JI. Homosexuality. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):923-30.
Friedman-Kien AE. Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young
homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5(4):468-71.
Fultz PN. The pathobiology of SIV infection of macaques. In: Montagnier
L, Gougeon ML, eds. New Concepts in AIDS Pathogenesis. New York:
Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp. 59-73.
Furtado MR, Kingsley LA, Wolinsky SM. Changes in the viral mRNA
expression pattern correlate with a rapid rate of CD4+ T-cell number
decline in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.
J Virol 1995 Apr;69(4):2092-2100.
Galai N, et al. Changes in markers of disease progression in HIV-1
seroconverters: a comparison between cohorts of injecting drug users
and homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995;8:66-74.
Galli M, Lazzarin A, Saracco A, Balotta C, et al. Clinical and
immunological aspects of HIV infection in drug addicts. Clin Immunol
Immunopathol 1989;50 (1 pt 2):S166-76.
Galli M, Musicco M, Gervasoni C, Ridolfo AL, et al. No evidence
for a role of continuing intravenous drug injection in accelerating
disease progression in HIV-1 positive subjects. VIIth Int Conf on
AIDS, (abstract no. TH.C.48), June 16-21, 1991.
Gallo RC, Reitz MS Jr. Human retroviruses and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(6):1209-14.
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Shearer GM, et al. Frequent
detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from
patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224(4648):500-3.
Gallo RC, Montagnier L. The chronology of AIDS research. Nature
1987;326(6112):435-6.
Gallo RC. Virus Hunting. AIDS, Cancer, and the Human Retrovirus:
A Story of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.
Gange RW, Jones EW. Kaposi's sarcoma and immunosuppressive therapy:
an appraisal. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978;3(2):135-46.
Garry RF. Potential mechanisms for the cytopathic properties of
HIV. AIDS 1989;3(11):683-94.
Gazzard BG, Shanson DC, Farthing C, Lawrence AG, et al. Clinical
findings and serological evidence of HTLV-III infection in homosexual
contacts of patients with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
in London. Lancet 1984;2(8401):480-3.
Genesca J, Wang RY, Alter HJ, Shih JW. Clinical correlation and
genetic polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus proviral
DNA obtained after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Infect
Dis 1990;162(5):1025-30.
Gershon AA. Measles virus (rubeola). In: Mandell GL, et al., eds.
Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York:
Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp. 1279-84.
Getchell JP, Hicks DR, Svinivasan A, Heath JL, et al. Human immunodeficiency
virus isolated from a serum sample collected in 1976 in Central
Africa. J Infect Dis 1987;156(5):833-7.
Giesecke J, Scalia-Tomba G, Hakansson C, Karlsson A, Lidman K.
Incubation time of AIDS: progression of disease in a cohort of HIV-infected
homo- and bisexual men with known dates of infection. Scand J Infect
Dis 1990;22(4):407-11.
Gilbert AN. Conceptions of homosexuality and sodomy in Western
history. J Homosex 1980-81;6(1-2):57-68.
Ginsberg HS (moderator). Scientific forum on AIDS: a summary. Does
HIV cause AIDS? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988;1(2):165-72.
Gjerset GF, Pike MC, Mosley JW, Hassett J, et al. Effect of low-
and intermediate- purity clotting factor therapy on progression
of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting
disorders. Blood 1994;84(5):1666-71.
Goedert JJ, Neuland CY, Wallen WC, Greene MH, et al. Amyl nitrite
may alter T lymphocytes in homosexual men. Lancet 1982;1(8269):412-6.
Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, Biggar RJ, et al. A prospective
study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development
of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. N Engl J Med 1989;321(17):1141-8.
Golding H, Shearer GM, Hillman K, Lucas P, et al. Common epitope
in human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV) I-GP41 and HLA class II
elicits immunosuppressive antibodies capable of contributing to
immune dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Invest 1989;83(4):1430-5.
Goldsmith JM, Deutsche J, Tang M, Green D. CD4 cells in HIV-1 infected
hemophiliacs: effect of factor VIII concentrates. Thromb Haemost
1991;66(4):415-9.
Gonda MA, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Clements JE, et al. Sequence
homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus,
a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 1985;227(4683):173-7.
Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, Weisman JD, et al. Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy
homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency.
N Engl J Med 1981;305(24):1425-31.
Goudsmit J. Alternative view on AIDS. Lancet 1992;339(8804):1289-90.
Graham NM, Zeger SL, Kuo V, Jacobson LP, et al. Zidovudine use
in AIDS-free HIV-1-seropositive homosexual men in the Multicenter
AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1987-1989. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
1991;4(3):267-76.
Graham NM, Piantadosi S, Park LP, Phair JP, et al. CD4+ lymphocyte
response to zidovudine as a predictor of AIDS-free time and survival
time. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6(11):1258-66.
Graham NM, Zeger SL, Park LP, Vermund SH, et al. The effects on
survival of early treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
N Engl J Med 1992;326(16):1037-42.
Greene JB, Sidhu GS, Lewin S, Levine JF, et al. Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare:
a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals
and drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1982;97(4):539-46.
Greene MH, Nightgingale SL, DuPont RL. Evolving patterns of drug
abuse. Ann Intern Med 1975;83(3):402-11.
Greene WC. AIDS and the immune system. Sci Am 1993;269(3):98-105.
Greene WC. The molecular biology of human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324(5):308-17.
Groopman JE. A dangerous delusion about AIDS. New York Times, September
10, 1992; A19.
Groopman JE, Salahuddin SZ, Sarngadharan MG, Mullins JI, et al.
Virologic studies in a case of transfusion-associated AIDS. N Engl
J Med 1984;311(22):1419-22.
Guerrero Vazquez J, de Paz Aparicio P, Olmedo Sanlaureano S, Omenaca
Teres F, et al. Discordant acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in
dizygotic twins. An Esp Pediatr 1993;39(5):445-7.
Gupta P, Kingsley L, Armstrong J, Ding M, et al. Enhanced expression
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 correlates with development
of AIDS. Virology 1993;196(2):586-95.
Haase AT. Lentiviruses. In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles
and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York: Churchill
Livingstone, 1990, pp. 1341-4.
Haase AT. Pathogenesis of lentivirus infections. Nature 1986;322(6075):130-6.
Hamilton JD, Hartigan PM, Simberkoff MS, Day PL, et al. A controlled
trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic
human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results of the Veterans
Affairs Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1992;326(7):437-43.
Hammer S, Crumpacker C, D'Aquila R, Jackson B, et al. Use of virologic
assays for detection of human immunodeficiency virus in clinical
trials: recommendations of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Virology
Committee. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(10):2557-64.
Hanenberg RS, Rojanapithayakorn W, Kunasol P, Sokal DC. Impact
of Thailand's HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline
of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1994;344(8917):243-5.
Harden VA. Koch's postulates and the etiology of AIDS: an historical
perspective. Hist Phil Life Sci 1992;14(2):249-69.
Harms G, Kirsch T, Rahelimiarana N, Hof U, et al. HIV and syphilis
in Madagascar (letter). AIDS 1994;8(2):279-88.
Harris C, Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, et al. Immunodeficiency
in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983;308(20):1181-4.
Harris SB. The AIDS heresies: a case study of skepticism taken
too far. Skeptic 1995; 3(2):42-79.
Hassett J, Gjerset GF, Mosley JW, Fletcher MA, et al. Effect on
lymphocyte subsets of clotting factor therapy in human immunodeficiency
virus-1-negative congenital clotting disorders. Blood 1993;82(4):1351-7.
Haverkos HW, Dougherty JA, eds. Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants.
NIDA research monograph 83, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, PHS, ADAMHA. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
Hays EF, Uittenbogaart CH, Brewer JC, Vollger LW, Zack JA. In vitro
studies of HIV-1 expression in thymocytes from infants and children.
AIDS 1992;6(3):265-72.
Hessol NA, Koblin BA, van Griensven GJ, Bacchetti P, et al. Progression
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among homosexual
men in hepatitis B vaccine trial cohorts in Amsterdam, New York
City and San Francisco, 1978-1991. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139(11):1077-87.
Hilgartner MW, Buckley JD, Operskalski EA, Pike MC, Mosley JW.
Purity of factor VIII concentrates and serial CD4 counts. Lancet
1993;341(8857):1373-4.
Hirsch VM, Olmsted RA, Murphey-Corb M, Purcell RH, Johnson PR.
An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2.
Nature 1989;339(6223):389-92.
Ho DD, Moudgil T, Alam M. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. N Engl J Med 1989;321(24):1621-5.
Ho DD, Pomerantz RJ, Kaplan JC. Pathogenesis of infection with
human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1987;317(5):278-86.
Ho DD, Schooley RT, Rota TR, Kaplan JC, et al. HTLV-III in the
semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man. Science 1984;226(4673):451-3.
Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, Kaplan JC, et al. Isolation of HTLV-III
from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic
syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl
J Med 1985;313(24):1493-7.
Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, et al. Rapid turnover of
plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995;373:123-6.
Hoxie JA, Alpers JD, Rackowski JL, Huebner K, et al. Alterations
in T4 (CD4) protein and mRNA synthesis in cells infected with HIV.
Science 1986;234(4780):1123-7.
Hufert FT, von Laer D, Fenner TE, Schwander S, et al. Progression
of HIV-1 infection. Monitoring of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood
mononuclear cells by PCR. Arch Virol 1991;120(3-4):233-40.
Hugin AW, Vacchio MS, Morse HC III. A virus-encoded superantigen
in a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome of mice. Science
1991;252(5004):424-7.
Hurtenbach U, Shearer GM. Germ cell-induced immune suppression
in mice. Effect of inoculation of syngeneic spermatazoa on cell-mediated
immune responses. J Exp Med 1982;155(6):1719-29.
Hutto C, Parks WP, Lai SH, Mastrucci MT, et al. A hospital-based
prospective study of perinatal infection with human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. J Pediatr 1991;118(3):347-53.
Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma
in homosexual men--a report of eight cases. Lancet 1981;2(8247):598-600.
Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. Confronting
AIDS. Directions for Public Health, Health Care and Research. Washington,
D.C: National Academy Press, 1986.
Irova T, Serebrovskaya L, Pokrovsky VV. The life of HIV+ children
infected in nosocomial foci. IXth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no.
PO-C04-2626), June 6-11, 1993.
Israelstam S, Lambert S, Oki G. Use of isobutyl nitrite as a recreational
drug. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 1978;73(3):319-20.
Italian Seroconversion Study. Disease progression and early predictors
of AIDS in HIV-seroconverted injecting drug users. AIDS 1992;6(4):421-6.
Jackson JB, Kwok SY, Sninsky JJ, Hopsicker JS, et al. Human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic
individuals. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28(1):16-9.
Jacobs E. Anal infections caused by herpes simplex virus. Dis Colon
Rectum 1976;19(2):151-7.
Jaffe HW, Darrow WW, Echenberg DF, O'Malley PM, et al. The acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of homosexual men. A six-year
follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 1985a;103(2):210-4.
Jaffe HW, Sarngadharan MG, DeVico AL, Bruch L, et al. Infection
with HTLV-III/LAV and transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Serologic evidence of an association. JAMA 1985b;254(6):770-3.
Janeway C. Immune recognition. Mls: makes little sense. Nature
1991;349(6309):459-61.
Jason J, Murphy J, Sleeper LA, Donfield SM, et al. Immune and serologic
profiles of HIV-infected and noninfected hemophilic children and
adolescents. Am J Hematol 1994;46(1):29-35.
Jefferiss FJG. Venereal disease and the homosexual. Br J Vener
Dis 1956;32:17-20.
Johnson JP, Nair P, Hines SE, Seiden SW, et al. Natural history
and serologic diagnosis of infants born to human immunodeficiency
virus-infected women. Am J Dis Child 1989;143(10):1147-53.
Jones PK, Ratnoff OD. The changing prognosis of classic hemophilia
(factor VIII deficiency). Ann Intern Med 1991;114(8):641-8.
Jones DS, Byers RH, Bush TJ, Oxtoby MJ, Rogers MF. Epidemiology
of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in
children in the United States, 1981-1989. Pediatrics 1992;89(1):123-7.
Judson FN, Miller KG, Schaffnit TR. Screening for gonorrhea and
syphilis in the gay baths--Denver, Colorado. Am J Public Health
1977;67(8):740-2.
Jurriaans S, Weverling GJ, Goudsmit J, et al. Distinct changes
in HIV type 1 RNA versus p24 antigen levels in serum during short-term
zidovudine therapy in asymptomatic individuals with and without
progression to AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11(4):473-9.
Kaslow RA, Blackwelder WC, Ostrow DG, Yerg D, et al. No evidence
for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating
immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals. A report from the
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. JAMA 1989;261(23):3424-9.
Katz BZ. Natural history and clinical management of the infant
born to a mother infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Semin
Perinatol 1989;13(1):27-34.
Katz JN. Gay American history. Lesbian and Gay Men in the USA:
A Documentary. New York: Meridian, 1992.
Keet IP, Krijnen P, Koot M, Lange JM, et al. Predictors of rapid
progression to AIDS in HIV-1 seroconverters. AIDS 1993;7(1):51-7.
Keet IP, Krol A, Klein MR, Veugelers P, et al. Characteristics
of long-term asymptomatic infection with human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 in men with normal and low CD4+ cell counts. J Infect
Dis 1994;169(6):1236-43.
Kestler H, Kodama T, Ringler D, Marthas M, et al. Induction of
AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency
virus. Science 1990;248(4959):1109-12.
Kinsey AC, et al. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia:
Saunders, 1948.
Klatzmann D, Barre-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, Danquet C, et al. Selective
tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer
T lymphocytes. Science 1984a;225(4657):59-63.
Klatzmann D, Champagne E, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. T-lymphocyte
T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature
1984b;312(5996):767-8.
Koblin BA, Taylor PE, Rubinstein P, Stevens CE. Effect of zidovudine
on survival in HIV-1 infection: observational data from a cohort
study of gay men. VIIIth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. PoC 4349),
July 19-24, 1992.
Kodama T, Mori K, Kawahara T, Ringler DJ, Desrosiers RC. Analysis
of simian immunodeficiency virus sequence variation in tissues of
rhesus macaques with simian AIDS. J Virol 1993;67(11):6522-34.
Koenig S, Earl P, Powell D, Pantaleo G, et al. Group-specific,
major histocompatibility complex class-I restricted cytotoxic responses
to human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV-1) envelope proteins by cloned
peripheral blood T cells from an HIV-1 infected individual. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85(22):8638-42.
Koga Y, Lindstrom E, Fenyo EM, Wigzell H, Mak TW. High levels of
heterodisperse RNAs accumulate in T cells infected with human immunodeficiency
virus and in normal thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85(12):4521-5.
Kool HE, Bloemkolk D, Reeve PA, Danner SA. HIV seropositivity and
tuberculosis in a large general hospital in Malawi. Trop Geogr Med
1990;42(2):128-32.
Kozel NJ, Adams EH. Epidemiology of drug abuse: an overview. Science
1986;234(4779):970-4.
Kreek MJ. Immune function in heroin addicts and former heroin addicts
in treatment: pre-and post-AIDS epidemic. In: Pham PTK, Rice K,
eds. Drugs of Abuse: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Immunology, and AIDS.
NIDA Research Monograph 96, 1990, pp. 192-219.
Kreiss JK, Kitchen LW, Prince HE, Kasper CK, Essex M. Antibody
to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in wives of hemophiliacs.
Evidence for heterosexual transmission. Ann Intern Med 1985;102(5):623-6.
Kurth R. Does HIV cause AIDS? An updated response to Duesberg's
theories. Intervirology 1990;31(6):301-14.
Kwok S, Mack DH, Mullis KB, Poiesz B, et al. Identification of
human immunodeficiency virus sequences by using in vitro enzymatic
amplification and oligomer cleavage detection. J Virol 1987;61(5):1690-4.
Lambert JS. Maternal and perinatal issues regarding HIV infection.
Pediatr Ann 1990;19(8):468-72.
Latif AS. HIV and AIDS in southern Africa and the island countries.
In: Essex M, et al., eds. AIDS in Africa. New York: Raven Press,
1994, pp. 691-711.
Lau RK, Jenkins P, Caun K, Forster SM, et al. Trends in sexual
behaviour in a cohort of homosexual men: a 7 year prospective study.
Int J STD AIDS 1992;3(4):267-72.
Laumann, et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Laurence J. T-cell subsets in health, infectious disease, and idiopathic
CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1993;119(1):55-62.
Laurent-Crawford AG, Krust B, Muller S, Riviere Y, et al. The cytopathic
effect of HIV is associated with apoptosis. Virology 1991;185(2):829-39.
Le Clair RA. Descriptive epidemiology of interstitial pneumocystic
pneumonia. An analysis of 107 cases from the United States, 1955-1967.
Am Rev Respir Dis 1969;99(4):542-7.
Lederman MM, Ratnoff OD, Evatt BL, McDougal JS. Acquisition of
antibody to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with classic
hemophilia (factor VIII deficiency). Ann Intern Med 1985;102(6):753-7.
Lederman MM, Jackson JB, Kroner BL, White, GC, et al. Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) type 1 infection status and in vitro susceptibility
to HIV infection among high-risk HIV-1-seronegative hemophiliacs.
J Infect Dis 1995;172(1):228-31.
Lee CA, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, Elford J, Pasi J. Morbidity and
mortality from transfusion-transmitted disease in haemophilia. Lancet
1995;345:1309.
Lemp GF, Payne SF, Rutherford GW, Hessol NA, et al. Projections
of AIDS morbidity and mortality in San Francisco. JAMA 1990;263(11):1497-1501.
Leonard R, Zagury D, Desportes I, Bernard J, et al. Cytopathic
effect of human immunodeficiency virus in T4 cells is linked to
the last stage of virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85(10):3570-4.
Leroy V, Msellati P, Lepage P, Batungwanayo J, et al. Four years
of natural history of HIV-1 infection in African women: a prospective
cohort study in Kigali (Rwanda), 1988-1993. J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr 1995;9(4):415-421.
Letvin NL, Daniel MD, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC, et al. Induction
of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus
STLV-III. Science 1985;230(4721):71-3.
Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, Landis JA, et al. Isolation of
lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francsico patients with AIDS.
Science 1984;225(4664):840-2.
Levy JA, Shimabukuro J, Hollander H, Mills J, Kaminsky L. Isolation
of AIDS-associated retroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid and brain
of patients with neurological symptoms. Lancet 1985;2(8455):586-8.
Levy JA. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Microbiol Rev 1993;57(1):183-289.
Lifson JD, Reyes GR, McGrath MS, Stein BS, Engleman EG. AIDS retrovirus
induced cytopathology: giant cell formation and involvement of CD4
antigen. Science 1986;232(4754):1123-7.
Lifson AR, Darrow WW, Hessol NA, O'Malley PM, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma
in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. Epidemiology and analysis
for cofactors. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131(2):221-31.
Lindan CP, Allen S, Serufilira A, Lifson AR, et al. Predictors
of mortality among HIV-infected women in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Intern
Med 1992;116(4):320-8.
Lindback S, Brostrom C, Karlsson A, Gaines H. Does symptomatic
primary HIV-1 infection accelerate progression to CDC stage IV disease,
CD4 count below 200 x 10(6)/l, AIDS, and death from AIDS? Br Med
J 1994;309(6968):1535-7.
Lindgren S, Anzen B, Bohlin AB, Lidman K. HIV and child-bearing:
clinical outcome and aspects of mother-to-infant transmission. AIDS
1991;5(9):1111-6.
Longini IM Jr, Clark WS, Karon JM. Effect of routine use of therapy
in slowing the clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection in a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137(11):1229-40.
Lowenstein JM. Is AIDS a myth? California Academy of Sciences:
Pacific Discovery Magazine. Fall, 1994.
Lusher JM, Operskalski EA, Aledort LM, Dietrich SL, et al. Risk
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection among sexual and
nonsexual household contacts of persons with congenital clotting
disorders. Pediatrics 1991;88(2):242-9.
Lyerly HK, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus IIIB glycoprotein (gp120) bound
to CD4 determinants on normal lymphocytes and expressed by infected
cells serves as target for immune attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1987;84(13):4601-5.
Mann JM, et al., eds. AIDS in the World. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1992.
Mann JM. AIDS--the second decade: a global perspective. J Infect
Dis 1992;165(2):245-50.
Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, de Biasi R, Baudo F, et al. Immune status
of asymptomatic HIV-infected hemophiliacs: randomized, prospective,
two-year comparison of treatment with a high-purity or an intermediate-purity
factor VIII concentrate. Thromb Haemost 1992;67(3):310-3.
Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, Savidge G, Gatenby P, et al. Randomized
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of twice-daily zidovudine
in asymptomatic haemophiliacs infected with the human immunodeficiency
virus type 1. Br J Haematol 1994;86(1):174-9.
MAP Workshop (Multi-cohort Analysis Project). Extending public
health surveillance of HIV infection: information from a five cohort
workshop. Stat Med 1993;12(22):2065-85.
Margolick JB, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Solomon L, et al. Changes in T-lymphocyte
subsets in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. JAMA 1992;267(12):1631-6.
Margolick JB, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, et al. Direct comparison
of the relationship between clinical outcome and change in CD4+
lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-positive homosexual
men and injecting drug users. Arch Intern Med 1994;154(8):869-75.
Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, Onorato I, et al. An outbreak
of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation
of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981;305(24):1431-8.
Masur H. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: another scourge for
individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA 1982a;248(22):3013.
Masur H, Michelis MA, Wormser GP, Lewin S, et al. Opportunistic
infection in previously healthy women. Initial manifestations of
a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med 1982b;7(4):533-9.
Mathez D, Paul D, de Belilovsky C, Sultan Y, et al. Productive
human immunodeficiency virus infection levels correlate with AIDS-related
manifestations in the patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87(19):7438-42.
Mavligit GM, Talpaz M, Hsia FT, Wong W, et al. Chronic immune stimulation
by sperm alloantigens: support for the hypothesis that spermatozoa
induce immune dysregulation in homosexual males. JAMA 1984;251(2):237-41.
McDougal JS, Mawle A, Cort SP, Nicholson JK, et al. Cellular tropism
of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV. Role of T cell activation
and expression of the T4 antigen. J Immunol 1985a;135(5):3151-62.
McDougal JS, Jaffe HW, Cabridilla CD, Sarngadharan MG, et al. Screening
tests for blood donors presumed to have transmitted the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood 1985b;65(3):772-5.
McDougal JS, Kennedy MS, Sligh JM, Cort SP, et al. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV
to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K virtal protein and the T4
molecule. Science 1986;231(4736):382-5.
McLeod GX, Hammer SM. Zidovudine: five years later. Ann Int Med
1992;117(6):487-501.
McMillan A, Young H. Gonorrhea in the homosexual man: frequency
of infection by culture site. Sex Transm Dis 1978;5(4):146-50.
Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Todd JA, et al. Quantitation
of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann
Intern Med 1995;15,122(8):573-7.
Menez-Bautista R, Fikrig SM, Pahwa S, Sarngadharan MG, Stoneburner
RL. Monozygotic twins discordant for the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1986;140(7):678-9.
Merigan TC, Amato DA, Balsley J, Power M, et al. Placebo-controlled
trial to evaluate zidovudine in treatment of human immunodeficiency
virus infection in asymptomatic patients with hemophilia. Blood
1991;78(4):900-6.
Merino HI, Richards JB. An innovative program of venereal disease
casefinding, treatment and education for a population of gay men.
Sex Transm Dis 1977;4(2):50-2.
Michael NL, Vahey M, Burke DS, Redfield RR. Viral DNA and mRNA
correlate with the stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type
1 infection in humans: evidence for viral replication in all stages
of HIV disease. J Virol 1992;66(1):310-6.
Montagnier L, et al. A new lymphotropic retrovirus: characterization
and possible role in lymphadenopathy and acquired immune deficiency
syndromes. In: Gallo RC, et al., eds. Human T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Virus. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1984,
pp. 363-79.
Montella F, Di Sora F, Perucci CA, Abeni DD, Recchia O. T-lymphocyte
subsets in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. JAMA 1992;268(18):2516-7.
Moore RD, Creagh-Kirk T, Keruly J, Link G, et al. Long-term safety
and efficacy of zidovudine in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency
virus disease. Arch Intern Med 1991a;151(5):981-6.
Moore RD, Hidalgo J, Sugland BW, Chaisson RE. Zidovudine and the
natural history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl
J Med 1991b;324(20):1412-6.
Morton WR, et al. Infection of Macaca nemestrina by HIV-1/HIV-2:
development of infection and disease models. Laboratory of Tumor
Cell Biology Annual Meeting, Aug 22-28, 1993. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses
1994;10(suppl 1):S1-125.
Mosley JW. Low CD4+ counts in a study of transfusion safety: correction.
N Engl J Med 1993;328(15):1129.
Mulder JW, Cooper DA, Mathiesen L, Sandstrom E, et al. Zidovudine
twice daily in asymptomatic subjects with HIV infection and a high
risk of progression to AIDS: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled
study. AIDS 1994a;8(3):313-21.
Mulder DW, Nunn AJ, Kamali A, Nakiyingi J, et al. Two-year HIV-1-associated
mortality in a Ugandan rural population. Lancet 1994b;343(8904):1021-3.
Munoz A, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Margolick JB, et al. Prognostic indicators
for development of AIDS among intravenous drug users. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr 1992;5(7):694-700.
Muro-Cacho CA, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Analysis of apoptosis in lymph
nodes of HIV-infected persons. Intensity of apoptosis correlates
with the general state of activation of the lymphoid tissue and
not with stage of disease or viral burden. J Immunol 1995;154(10):5555-66.
Myers G, MacInnes K, Korber B. The emergence of simian/human immunodeficiency
viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(3):373-86.
Nahmias AJ, Weiss J, Yao X, Lee F, et al. Evidence for human infection
with an HTLV III/LAV-like virus in Central Africa, 1959 (letter).
Lancet 1986;31,1(8492):1279-80.
Nicholson JK, Spira TJ, Aloisio CH, Jones BM, et al. Serial determinations
of HIV-1 titers in HIV-infected homosexual men: association of rising
titers with CD4 T cell depletion and progression to AIDS. AIDS Res
Hum Retroviruses 1989;5(2):205-15.
Nicoll A, Brown P. HIV: beyond reasonable doubt. New Scientist
Jan. 15, 1994:24-8.
Novick BE, Rubinstein A. AIDS--the paediatric perspective. AIDS
1987;1(1):3-7.
Novick DM, Ochshorn M, Ghali V, Croxson TS, et al. Natural killer
cell activity and lymphocyte subsets in parenteral heroin abusers
and long-term methadone maintenance patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
1989;250(2):606-10.
NTIS (National Technical Information Service). ACTG Protocol 116b/117:
Viral load analysis for study investigators, 1994. Springfield,
VA.
O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, McCreedy B, Hamilton JD. Plasma HIV RNA
and beta 2 microglobulin as surrogate markers. Xth Int Conf on AIDS,
(abstract no. 254B), Aug 7-12, 1994.
Oettle AG. Geographical and racial differences in the frequencies
of Kaposi's sarcoma as evidence of environmental or genetic causes.
Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 1962;18:330-63.
Oldstone MB. Viral persistence. Cell 1989;56(4):517-20.
Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R Jr, Thomas K, et al. Immune deficiency
syndrome in children. JAMA 1983;249(17):2345-9.
Ostrow D, Vanhaden MJ, Fox R, Kingsley LA, et al. Recreational
drug use and sexual behavior in a cohort of homosexual men. AIDS
1990;4(8):759-65.
Ostrow DG, Beltran ED, Joseph JG, DiFranceisco W, et al. Recreational
drugs and sexual behavior in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexually
active men. J Subst Abuse 1993;5(4):311-25.
Ottmann N, Innocenti P, Thenadey M, Micoud M, et al. The polymerase
chain reaction for the detection of HIV-1 genomic RNA in plasma
from infected individuals. J Virol Methods 1991;31(2-3):273-83.
Owen RL, Hill JL. Rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea in homosexual
men. JAMA 1972;220(10):1315-8.
Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS. The immunopathogenesis of human
immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993a;328(5):327-35.
Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, Butini L, et al. HIV infection
is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically
latent stage of disease. Nature 1993b;362(6418):355-8.
Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Soudeyns H, Graziosi C, et al. Major expansion
of CD8+ T cells with a predominant V beta usage during the primary
immune response to HIV. Nature 1994;370(6489):463-7.
Pantaleo G, Menzo S, Vaccarezza M, Graziosi C, et al. Studies in
subjects with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus
infection. N Eng J Med 1995a;332:209-16.
Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Apoptosis in HIV infection. Nature Medicine
1995b;1(2):118-20.
Pape JW, Liautaud B, Thomas F, Mathurin JR, et al. Characteristics
of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. N Engl
J Med 1983;309(16):945-50.
Pape J, Johnson WD Jr. AIDS in Haiti: 1982-1992. Clin Infect Dis
1993;17(suppl 2):S341-5.
Pariser H, Marino AF. Gonorrhea: frequently unrecognized reservoirs.
South Med J 1970;63(2):198-201.
Park CL, Streicher H, Rothberg R. Transmission of human immunodeficiency
virus from parents to only one dizygotic twin. J Clin Microbiol
1987;25(6):1119-21.
Pauza CD, Galindo JE, Richman DD. Reinfection results in accumulation
of unintegrated viral DNA in cytopathic and persistent human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection of CEM cells. J Exp Med 1990;172(4):1035-42.
Pedersen C, Lindhardt BO, Jensen BL, Lauritzen E, et al. Clinical
course of primary HIV infection: consequences for subsequent course
of infection. Br Med J 1989;299(6692):154-7.
Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Jensen BL, et al. Development
of AIDS and low CD4 cell counts in a cohort of 180 seroconverters.
IXth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. PO-Bo1-0862), June 6-11, 1993.
Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Risk
of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults
with transfusion-associated infections. JAMA 1988;259(1):55-8.
Petru A, Dunphy MG, Azimi P, Janner D, et al. Reliability of polymerase
chain reaction in the detection of human immunodeficiency virus
infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11(1):30-3.
Pezzotti P, Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, et al. Influence of
gender, age, and transmission category on the progression from HIV
seroconversion to AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(7):745-7.
Piatak M Jr, Saag MS, Yang LC, Clark SJ, et al. High levels of
HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive
PCR. Science 1993;259(5102):1749-54.
Piot P, Plummer FA, Mhalu FS, Lamboray JL, et al. AIDS: an international
perspective. Science 1988;239(4840):573-9.
Pitchenik AE, Shafron RD, Glasser RM, Spira TJ. The acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome in the wife of a hemophiliac. Ann Intern Med 1984;100(1):62-5.
Poon MC, Landay A, Prasthofer EF, Stagno S. Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia.
Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings. Ann Intern Med 1983;98(3):287-90.
Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC. Detection, isolation
and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III)
from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 1984;224(4648):497-500.
Prober CG, Gershon AA. Medical management of newborns and infants
born to human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive mothers. Pediatr
Infect Dis J 1991;10(9):684-95.
Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic
paradigm. Science 1986;234(4779):955-63.
Quinn TC. Population migration and the spread of types 1 and 2
human immunodeficiency viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(7):2407-14.
Ragni MV, Kingsley LA, Zhou SJ. The effect of antiviral therapy
on the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection
in a cohort of hemophiliacs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(2):120-6.
Rasamindrakotroka AJ, et al. Seroprevalence of HIV-1, hepatitis
B and syphilis in a population of blood donors in Antananavivo,
Madagascar. VIth Int Conf on AIDS in Africa, Dakar, Senegal, (poster
TA101), Dec 16-19, 1991.
Ratner L, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F. HTLV-III, LAV, ARV are variants
of same AIDS virus. Nature 1985;313(6004):636.
Reitz MS Jr, Hall L, Robert-Guroff M, Lautenberger J, et al. Viral
variability and serum antibody response in a laboratory worker infected
with HIV type 1 (HTLV type IIIB). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(9):1143-55.
Reinisch JM, et al. Sexual behavior and AIDS: lessons from art
and sex research. In: Veoller B, et al., eds. AIDS and Sex: An Integrated
Biomedical and Biobehavioral Approach. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1990, pp. 37-80.
Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, Sinicco A, et al. The natural
history of HIV infection in intravenous drug users: risk of disease
progression in a cohort of seroconverters. AIDS 1989;3(2):87-90.
Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, Zerboni R, et al. Risk of AIDS
in HIV seroconverters: a comparison between intravenous drug users
and homosexual males. Eur J Epidemiol 1990;6(1):99-101.
Richman DD, Fischl MA, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, et al. The toxicity
of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and
AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med 1987;317(4):192-7.
Richman DD, Andrews J. Results of continued monitoring of participants
in the placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine for serious human
immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1988;85:208-13.
Richman DD, Bozzette SA. The impact of the syncytium-inducing phenotype
of human immunodeficiency virus on disease progression. J Infect
Dis 1994;169(5):968-74.
Robertson JR, Skidmore CA, Roberts JJ, Elton RA. Progression to
AIDS in intravenous drug users, cofactors and survival. VIth Int
Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. Th.C.649), June 20-23, 1990.
Robinson WS. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus. In: Mandell
GL, et al., eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases;
3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.
Rogers MF, Morens DM, Stewart JA, Kaminski RM, et al. National
case-control study of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia in homosexual men: part 2. Laboratory results. Ann Intern
Med 1983;99(2):151-7.
Rogers MF, Ou CY, Rayfield M, Thomas PA, et al. Use of the polymerase
chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of
human immunodeficiency virus in infants born to seropositive mothers.
N Engl J Med 1989;320(25):1649-54.
Rothman S. Remarks on sex, age and racial distribution of Kaposi's
sarcoma and on possible pathogenic factors. Acat Unio Int Contra
Cancrum 1962a;18:326.
Rothman S. Medical research in Africa. Arch Dermatol 1962b;85:311-24.
Rubinstein A, Sicklick M, Gupta A, Bernstein L, et al. Acquired
immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous
and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA 1983;249:2350-6.
Ryder RW, Mugewrwa RW. The clinical definition and diagnosis of
AIDS in African adults. In: Essex M, et al., eds. AIDS in Africa.
New York: Raven Press, 1994a, pp. 269-81.
Ryder RW, Nsuami M, Nsa W, Kamenga M, et al. Mortality in HIV-1-seropositive
women, their spouses and their newly born children during 36 months
of follow-up in Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1994b;8(5):667-72.
Saag MS, Crain MJ, Decker WD, Campbell-Hill S, et al. High level
viremia in adults and children infected with human immunodeficiency
virus: relation to disease stage and CD4+ lymphocyte levels. J Infect
Dis 1991;164(1):72-80.
Saah AJ, Hoover DR, He Y, Kingsley LA, Phair JP. Factors influencing
survival after AIDS: report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
(MACS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7(3):287-95.
Sabin C, Phillips A, Elfold J, Griffiths P, et al. The progression
of HIV disease in a hemophiliac cohort followed for 12 years. Br
J Haematol 1993;83(2):330-3.
Safai B, Good RA. Kaposi's sarcoma: a review and recent developments.
CA Cancer J Clin 1981;31:1-12.
Safai B. Kaposi's sarcoma: a review of classical and epidemic forms.
Ann NY Acad Sci 1984a;437:373-82.
Safai B, Sarngadharan MG, Groopman JE, Arnett K, et al. Seroepidemiological
studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1984b;1(8392):1438-40.
Saghir MT, Robins E. Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive
Investigation. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1973.
Saksela K, Stevens C, Rubinstein P, Baltimore D. Human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells predicts
disease progression independently of the numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(3):1104-8.
Sanchez-Pescador R, Power MD, Barr PJ, Steimer KS, et al. Nucleotide
sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2).
Science 1985;227(4686):484-92.
Sande MA, Carpenter CC, Cobbs CG, Holmes KK, Sanford JP. Antiretroviral
therapy for adult HIV-infected patients: recommendations for a state-of-the-art
conference. JAMA 1993;270(21):2583-9.
Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M, Bruch L, Schupbach J, Gallo RC. Antibodies
reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the
serum of patients with AIDS. Science 1984;224(4648):506-8.
Schechter MT, Craib KJ, Le TN, Montaner JS, et al. Susceptibility
to AIDS progression appears early in HIV infection. AIDS 1990;4(3):185-90.
Schechter MT, Craib KJ, Gelman KA, Montaner JS, et al. HIV-1 and
the aetiology of AIDS. Lancet 1993a;341:658-9.
Schechter MT, Craib KJ, Montaner JS, Lee TN, et al. Aetiology of
AIDS. Lancet 1993b;341(8854):1222-3.
Schinaia N, Ghirardini A, Chiarotti F, Gringeri A, Mannucci PM.
Progression to AIDS among Italian HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs.
AIDS 1991;5(4):385-91.
Schnittman SM, Psallidopoulos MC, Lane HC, Thompson L, et al. The
reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains
expression of CD4. Science 1989;245(4915):305-8.
Schnittman SM, Greenhouse JJ, Psallidopoulos MC, Baseler M, et
al. Increasing viral burden in CD4+ T cells from patients with human
immunodeficiency virus infection reflects rapidly progressive immunosuppression
and clinical disease. Ann Intern Med 1990a;113(6):438-43.
Schnittman SM, Denning SM, Greenhouse JJ, Justement JS, et al.
Evidence for susceptibility of intrathymic T-cell precursors and
their progeny carrying T-cell antigen receptor phenotypes TCR alpha
beta + and TCR gamma delta + to human immunodeficiency virus infection:
a mechanism for CD4+ (T4) lymphocyte depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 1990b;87(19):7727-31.
Schnittman SM, Greenhouse JJ, Lane HC, Pierce PF, Fauci AS. Frequent
detection of HIV-1 specific mRNAs in infected individuals suggests
ongoing active viral expression in all stages of disease. AIDS Res
Hum Retroviruses 1991;7(4):361-7.
Schoenbaum EE, Hartel D, Selwyn PA, Davenny K, et al. Lack of association
of T-cell subsets with continuing intravenous drug use and high
risk heterosexual sex, independent of HIV infection and disease.
Program and Abstracts of the Vth Int Conf on AIDS (Montreal). Ottawa:
International Development Research Center, 1989.
Scott J, Stone AH. Some observations on the diagnosis of rectal
gonorhoea in both sexes using a selective culture medium. Br J Vener
Dis 1966;42(27):103-6.
Seidman SN, Rieder RO. A review of sexual behavior in the United
States. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151(3):330-41.
Selik RM, Ward JW, Buehler JW. Trends in transfusion-associated
acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States, 1982-1991.
Transfusion 1993;33(11):890-3.
Selwyn PA, Alcabes P, Hartel D, Buono D, et al. Clinical manifestations
and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency
virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327(24):1697-703.
Sewankambo NK, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Serwadda D, et al. Demographic
impact of HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda: results
of a population-based cohort study. AIDS 1994;8:1707-13.
Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W, Lang W, Charlebois E. CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia
without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993;28(25):1847-8.
Shin YO, Hur SJ, Kim SS, Kee MK. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
epidemiological trends among risk groups in Korea. Xth Int Conf
on AIDS, (abstract no. 041C), Aug 7-12, 1994.
Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, Brown AE, et al. Severe acquired
immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal
ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 1981;305(24):1439-44.
Sinicco A, Fora R, Sciandra M, Lucchini A, et al. Risk of developing
AIDS after primary acute HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr 1993;6(6):575-81.
Smiley ML, White GC, Becherer P, Macik G, et al. Transmission of
human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs.
Am J Hematol 1988;28(1):27-32.
Smith DK, Neal JJ, Holmberg SD. Unexplained opportunistic infections
and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. An investigation
of cases in the United States. N Engl J Med 1993;328(6):373-9.
Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Campbell K, Haseltine WA. Role of
the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity.
Nature 1986;322(6078):470-4.
Sonnabend J, Witkin SS, Purtilo DT. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,
opportunistic infections, and malignancies in male homosexuals.
A hypothesis of etiologic factors in pathogenesis. JAMA 1983;249(17):2370-4.
Spotts JV, Shontz FC. Cocaine Users: A Representative Case Approach.
New York: The Free Press, 1980.
Srugo I, Brunell PA, Chelyapov NV, Ho DD, et al. Virus burden in
human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children: relationship
to disease status and effect of antiviral therapy. Pediatrics 1991;87(6):921-5.
Stanley SK, Kessler SW, Justement JS, Schnittman SM, et al. CD34+
bone marrow cells are infected with HIV in a subset of seropositive
individuals. J Immunol 1992;149(2):689-97.
Stowring L, Haase AT, Charman HP. Serological definition of the
lentivirus group of retroviruses. J Virol 1979;29(2):523-8.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates, 1993. Rockville,
MD, 1994.
Temin HM. Mechanisms of cell killing/cytopathic effects by nonhuman
retroviruses. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10(2):399-405.
Temin HM. Is HIV unique or merely different? J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr 1989;2(1):1-9.
Terai C, Kornbluth RS, Pauza CD, Richman DD, Carson DA. Apoptosis
as a mechanism of cell death in cultured T lymphoblasts acutely
infected with HIV-1. J Clin Invest 1991;87(5):1710-5.
Tersmette M, de Goede RE, Al BJ, Winkel IN, et al. Differential
syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates:
frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex.
J Virol 1988;62(6):2026-32.
Tersmette M, Lange JM, de Goede RE, de Wolf F, et al. Association
between biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus variants
and risk for AIDS and AIDS mortality. Lancet 1989a;1(8645):983-5.
Tersmette M, Gruters RA, de Wolf F, de Goede RE, et al. Evidence
for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus variants in
the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies
on sequential HIV isolates. J Virol 1989b;63(5):2118-25.
Thea DM, St Louis ME, Atido U, Kanjinga K, et al. A prospective
study of diarrhea and HIV-1 infection among 429 Zairian infants.
N Engl J Med 1993;329(23):1696-702.
Thomas PA, Ralston SJ, Bernard M, Williams R, O'Donnell R. Pediatric
immunodeficiency syndrome: an unusually high incidence of twinning.
Pediatrics 1990;86(5):774-7.
Tindall B, Cooper DA. Primary HIV infection: host responses and
intervention strategies. AIDS 1991;5(1):1-14.
Turner BJ, Denison M, Eppes SC, Houchens R, et al. Survival experience
of 789 children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr
Infect Dis J 1993;12(4):310-20.
United States Bureau of the Census, Center for International Research,
Washington, D.C. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Database, 1994.
Vahey MT, Mayers DL, Wagner KF, Chung RC, et al. Plasma HIV RNA
predicts clinical outcome on AZT therapy. Xth Int Conf on AIDS,
(abstract no. 253B), Aug 7-12, 1994.
Varmus H. Retroviruses. Science 1988;240(4858):1427-35.
Vella S, Giuliano M, Pezzotti P, Agresti MG, et al. Survival of
zidovudine-treated patients with AIDS compared with that of contemporary
untreated patients. Italian Zidovudine Evaluation Group. JAMA 1992;267(9):1232-6.
Vella S, Giuliano M, Dally LG, Agresti MG, et al. Long-term follow-up
of zidovudine therapy in asymptomatic HIV infection: results of
a multicenter cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7(1):31-8.
Vermund SH, Hoover DR, Chen K. CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual
men. N Engl J Med 1993a;328(6):442.
Vermund SH. Rising HIV-related mortality in young Americans. JAMA
1993b;16,269(23):3034-5.
Veugelers PJ, Page KA, Tindall B, Schechter MT, et al. Determinants
of HIV disease progression among homosexual men registered in the
Tricontinental Seroconverter Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;15,140(8):747-58.
Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Koch MA, Pettinelli C, et al. Zidovudine
in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a controlled
trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic
millimeter. N Engl J Med 1990;322(14):941-9.
Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Grimes JM, Stein DS, et al. The duration
of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection.
Prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials
Group. JAMA 1994;272(6):437-42.
Volberding PS, Graham NM. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy
in HIV infection: a review of interstudy consistencies. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7(suppl 2):S12-22.
Wages JM Jr, Hamdallah M, Calabro MA, Fowler AK, et al. Clinical
performance of a polymerase chain reaction testing algorithm for
diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
J Med Virol 1991;33(1):58-63.
Wain-Hobson S, Sonigo P, Danos O, Cole S, Alizon M. Nucleotide
sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV. Cell 1985;40(1):9-17.
Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DG, Rawson PG, Schultz MG. Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic
and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974;80(1):83-93.
Walzer PD. Pneumocystis carinii. In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles
and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York: Churchill
Livingstone, 1990, pp. 2103-10.
Ward JW, Bush TJ, Perkins HA, Lieb LE, et al. The natural history
of transfusion-associated infections with the human immunodeficiency
virus. N Engl J Med 1989;321(14):947.
Weber R, Ledergerber B, Opravil M, Siegenthaler W, Luthy R. Progression
of HIV infection in misusers of injected drugs who stop injecting
or follow a programme of maintenance treatment with methadone. Br
Med J 1990;301(6765):1362-5.
Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, Johnson VA, et al. Viral dynamics in
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995;373:117-22.
Weinberg MS, Williams CJ. Male Homosexuals. London: Oxford University,
1974.
Weiss RA. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260(5112):1273-9.
Weiss RA, Jaffe HW. Duesberg, HIV and AIDS (commentary). Nature
1990;345:659-60.
Weiss SH, Klein CW, Mayur RK, Besra J, Denny TN. Idiopathic CD4+
T-lymphocytopenia. Lancet 1992;340:608-9.
Welles SL, et al. Prognostic capacity of plasma HIV-1 RNA copy
number in ACTG 116A. Second National Conference on Human Retroviruses
and Related Infections, Washington, D.C. Jan 29-Feb 2, 1995.
Weniger BG, Limpakarnjanarat K, Ungchusak K, Thanprasertsuk S,
et al. The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Thailand. AIDS
1991;5(suppl 2):S71-85.
WHO (World Health Organization). AIDS: images of the epidemic.
1994.
WHO. The current global situation of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Jan
3, 1995a.
WHO. Surveillance, Evaluation and Forecasting Unit, Division of
Technical Cooperation, Global Programme on AIDS. Personal communication.
June 1, 1995b.
Williams CKO, et al. AIDS-associated cancers. In: Essex M, et al.,
eds. AIDS in Africa. New York: Raven Press, 1994, pp. 325-71.
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, Padian NS, et al. Isolation of AIDS-associated
retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the
virus. Lancet 1986;8,1(8480):527-9.
Yerly S, Chamot E, Hirschel B, Perrin LH. Quantitation of human
immunodeficiency virus provirus and circulating virus: relationship
with immunologic parameters. J Infect Dis 1992;166(2):269-76.
Young KY, Nelson RP, Good RA. Discordant human immunodeficiency
virus infection in dizygotic twins detected by polymerase chain
reaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9(6):454-6.
Zaccarelli M, Gattari P, Rezza G, Conti S, et al. Impact of HIV
infection on non-AIDS mortality among Italian injecting drug users.
AIDS 1994;8(3):345-50.
Zagury D, Bernard J, Leibowitch J, Safai B, et al. HTLV-III in
cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS. Science 1984;226(4673):449-51.
Zagury D, Bernard J, Leonard R, Cheymier R, et al. Long-term cultures
of HTLV-III infected T cells: a model of cytopathology of T-cell
depletion in AIDS. Science 1986;231(4740):850-3.
Zakowski P, Fligiel S, Berlin GW, Johnson L. Disseminated Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men dying of acquired
immunodeficiency. JAMA 1982;248(22):2980-2.
Zhu T, Ho DD. Was HIV present in 1959? Nature 1995;374:503-4.
September 1995
Back | Table of Contents
|